Class 12 Chemistry Syllabus

Unit

Content

General and physical chemistry

1. Volumetric analysis (8 hr)

1.1 Introduction to gravimetric analysis, volumetric analysis and equivalent weight

1.2 Relationship between equivalent weight, atomic weight and valency

1.3 Equivalent weight of compounds (acid, base, salt, oxidizing and reducing agents)

1.4 Concentration of solution and its units in terms of : Percentage, g/L , molarity, molality, normality and formality, ppm and ppb

1.5 Primary and secondary standard substances

1.6 Law of equivalence and normality equation

1.7 Titration and its types: Acid-base titration, redox titration ( related numerical problems)

2. Ionic equilibrium (10 hr)

Introduction to Acids and Bases

2.1. Limitation of Arrhenius concepts of acids and bases

2.2 Bronsted –Lowry definition of acids and bases

2.3 Relative strength of acids and bases

2.4 Conjugate acid –base pairs

2.5 Lewis definition of acids and bases

2.6 Ionization of weak electrolyte (Ostwald's dilution law)

2.7 Ionic product of water(Kw)

2.8 Dissociation constant of acid and base, (Ka& Kb)

2.9 Concept of pKa and pKb

2.10 pH value: pH of strong and weak acids, pH of strong and weak bases

2.11 Solubility and solubility product principle

2.12 Common Ion effect

2.13 Application of solubility product principle and common ion effect in precipitation reactions

2.14 Buffer solution and its application

2.15 Indicators and selection of indicators in acid base titration

2.16 Types of salts: Acidic salts, basic salts, simple salts, complex salts (introduction and examples)

2.17 Hydrolysis of salts

2.17.1 Salts of strong acid and strong base

2.17.2 Salts of weak acid and strong base

2.17.3 Salts of weak base and strong acid (solving related numerical problems)

3. Chemical kinetics (7 hr)

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Rate of reactions: Average and instantaneous rate of reactions

3.3 Rate law and its expressions

3.4 Rate constant and its unit and significance

3.5 Order and molecularity

3.6 Integrated rate equation for zero and first order reaction

3.7 Half-life of zero and first order reactions

3.8 Collision theory, concept of activation energy and activated complex

3.9 Factors affecting rate of reactions: Effect of concentration, temperature (Arrhenius Equation) and effect of catalyst (energy profile diagram)

3.10 Catalysis and types of catalysis: homogeneous, heterogeneous and enzyme catalysis (solving related numerical problems based on rate, rate constant and order of zero and first order reactions)

4. Thermodynamics (8 hr)

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Energy in chemical reactions

4.3 Internal energy

4.4 First law of thermodynamics

4.5 Enthalpy and enthalpy changes: Endothermic and exothermic processes)

4.6 Enthalpy of reaction, enthalpy of solution, enthalpy of formation, enthalpy of combustion

4.7 Laws of thermochemistry (Laplace Law and Hess’s law)

4.8 Entropy and spontaneity

4.9 Second law of thermodynamics

4.10 Gibbs' free energy and prediction of spontaneity

4.11 Relationship between ∆G and equilibrium constant (Solving related numerical problems)

5. Electrochemistry (7 hr)

5.1 Electrode potential and standard electrode potential

5.2 Types of electrodes: Standard hydrogen electrode and calomel electrodes

5.3 Electrochemical series and its applications

5.4 Voltaic cell: Zn-Cu cell, Ag- Cu cell

5.5 Cell potential and standard cell potential

5.6 Relationship between cell potential and free energy

5.7 Commercial batteries and fuel cells (hydrogen/oxygen)

Inorganic chemistry

6. Transition metals (5 hr)

6.1 Introduction

6.1.1  Characteristics of transition metals

6.1.2  Oxidation states of transition metals

6.1.3  Complex ions and metal complexes

6.1.4  Shapes of complex ions

6.1.5  d-orbitals in complex ions (simple explanation by crystal field theory) for octahedral complex

6.1.6  Reasons for the colour of transition metal compounds

6.1.7  Catalytic properties of transition metals

7. Studies of heavy metals (15 hr)

7.1 Copper

7.1.1  Occurrence and extraction of copper from copper pyrite

7.1.2  Properties (with air, acids, aqueous ammonia and metal ions) and uses of copper

7.1.3  Chemistry (preparation, properties and uses) of blue vitriol 7.1.4 Other compounds of copper (red oxide and black oxide of copper) formula and uses only

7.2 Zinc

7.2.1  Occurrence and extraction of zinc from zinc blende

7.2.2  Properties (with air, acid, alkali, displacement reaction) and uses of zinc

7.2.3  Chemistry (preparation, properties and uses) of white vitriol

7.3 Mercury

7.3.1  Occurrence and extraction of mercury from cinnabar

7.3.2  Properties of mercury

7.3.3  Chemistry (preparation, properties and uses) of calomel and corrosive sublimate

7.4 Iron

7.4.1  Occurrence and extraction of iron

7.4.2  Properties and uses of iron

7.4.3  Manufacture of steel by Basic Oxygen Method and Open Hearth Process

7.4.4  Corrosion of iron and its prevention

7.5 Silver

7.5.1 Occurrence and extraction of silver by cyanide process

7.5.2 Preparation and uses of silver chloride and silver nitrate

Organic chemistry

8. Haloalkanes (8 hr)

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Nomenclature, isomerism and classification of monohaloalkanes

8.3 Preparation of monohaloalkanes from alkanes, alkenes and alcohols

8.4 Physical properties of monohaloalkanes

8.5 Chemical properties, substitution reactions SN1 and SN2 reactions (basic concept only)

8.6 Formation of alcohol, nitrile, amine, ether, thioether, carbylamines, nitrite and nitro alkane using haloalkanes

8.7 Elimination reaction (dehydrohalogenation- Saytzeff's rule), Reduction reactions, Wurtz reaction

8.8 Preparation of trichloromethane from ethanol and propanone

8.9 Chemical properties of trichloromethane: oxidation, reduction, action on silver powder, conc. nitric acid, propanone, and aqueous alkali

9. Haloarenes (3 hr)

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Nomenclature and isomerism of haloarenes

9.3 Preparation of chlorobenzene from benzene and benzene diazonium chloride

9.4 Physical properties

9.5 Chemical properties

9.5.1  Low reactivity of haloarenes as compared to haloalkanes in term of nucleophilic substitution reaction

9.5.2  Reduction of chlorobenzene

9.5.3  Electrophilic substitution reactions

9.5.4  Action with Na (Fittig and Wurtz- Fittig reaction)

9.5.5  Action with chloral

9.6 Uses of haloarenes

10. Alcohols (7 hr)

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Nomenclature, isomerism and classification of monohydric alcohol

10.3 Distinction of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols by Victor Meyer's Method

10.4 Preparation of monohydric alcohols from Haloalkane, primary amines, and esters

10.5 Industrial preparation alcohol from: oxo process,

hydroboration-oxidation of ethene & fermentation of sugar

10.6 Definition of common terms: Absolute alcohol, power alcohol, denatured alcohol (methylated spirit), rectified spirit; alcoholic beverage

10.7 Physical properties monohydric alcohols

10.8 Chemical properties of monohydric alcohols

10.8.1 Reaction with HX, PX3, PCl5, SOCl2

10.8.2 Action with reactive metals like Na, K, Li

10.8.3 Dehydration of alcohols

10.8.4 Oxidation of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohol with mild oxidizing agents like acidified KMnO4 or K2Cr2O7

10.8.5 Catalyic dehydrogenation of 1° and 2°alcohol and dehydration of 3°alcohol

10.8.6 Esterification reaction 

10.8.7 Test of ethanol

11. Phenols (4 hr)

11.1 Introduction and nomenclature

11.2 Preparation of phenol from i. chlorobenzene ii. Diazonium salt and iii. benzene sulphonic acid

11.3 Physical properties of phenol

11.4 Chemical properties

11.4.1 Acidic nature of phenol (comparison with alcohol and water)

11.4.2 Action with NH3, Zn, Na, benzene diazonium chloride and phthalic anhydride

11.4.3 Acylation reaction, Kolbe's reaction, Reimer-Tiemann's reaction

11.4.4 Electrophilic substitution: nitration, sulphonation, brominaiton and Friedal-Craft's alkylation

11.5 Test of phenol: (FeCl3 test, aq. Bromine test & Libermann test)

11.6 Uses of phenol

12. Ethers (2 hr)

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Nomenclature, classification and isomerism of ethers

12.3 Preparation of aliphatic and aromatic ethers from Williamson's synthesis

12.4 Physical properties of ether

12.5 Chemical properties of ethoxyethane: action with HI , Conc. HCl, Conc. H2SO4, air and Cl2

12.6 Uses of ethers

13. Aldehydes and ketones (10 hr)

13.1 Aliphatic aldehydes and ketones

13.1.1 Introduction, nomenclature and isomerism

13.1.2 Preparation of aldehydes and ketones from: Dehydrogenation and oxidation of alcohol, Ozonolysis of alkenes, Acid chloride, Gem dihaloalkane, Catalytic hydration of alkynes

13.1.3 Physical properties of aldehydes and ketones

13.1.4 Chemical properties

13.1.4.1 Structure and nature of carbonyl group

13.1.4.2 Distinction between aldehyde and ketones by using 2,4- DNP reagent, Tollen's reagent, Fehling's solution 13.1.4.3 Addition reaction: addition of H2, HCN and NaHSO3

13.1.4.4 Action of aldehyde and ketone with ammonia derivatives; NH2OH, NH2-NH2, phenyl hydrazine, semicarbazide,

13.1.4.5 Aldol condensation

13.1.4.6 Cannizzaro's reaction

13.1.4.7 Clemmensen's reduction

13.1.4.8 Wolf-Kishner reduction

13.1.4.9 Action with PCl5 and action with LiAlH4

13.1.4.10 Action of methanal with ammonia and phenol

13.1.5 Formalin and its uses

13.2 Aromatic aldehydes and Ketones

13.2.1 Preparation of benzaldehyde from toluene and acetophenone from benzene

13.2.2 Properties of benzaldehyde 

13.2.2.1 Perkin condensation 

13.2.2.2 Benzoin condensation

13.2.2.3 Cannizzaro's reaction

13.2.2.4 Electrophilic substitution reaction

14. Carboxylic acid and its derivatives (9 hr)

14.1 Aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids

14.1.1 Introduction, nomenclature and isomerism

14.1.2 Preparation of monocarboxylic acids from: aldehydes, nitriles, dicarboxylic acid, sodium alkoxide and trihaloalkanes

14.1.3 Preparation of benzoic acid from alkyl benzene

14.1.4 Physical properties of monocarboxylic acids

14.1.5 Chemical properties: Action with alkalies, metal oxides, metal carbonates, metal bicarbonates, PCl3, LiAlH4 and dehydration of carboxylic acid

14.1.6 Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction

14.1.7 Electrophilic substitution reaction of benzoic acid - bromination, nitration and sulphonation)

14.1.8 Effect of constituents on the acidic strength of carboxylic acid

14.1.9 Abnormal behaviour of methanoic acid

14.2 Derivatives of Carboxylic acids (acid halides, amides, esters and anhydrides)

14.2.1 Preparation of acid derivatives from carboxylic acid

14.2.2 Comparative physical properties of acid derivatives

14.2.3 Comparative chemical properties of acid derivatives (hydrolysis, ammonolysis, amines (RNH2), alcoholysis, and reduction only)

14.2.4 Claisen condensation

14.2.5 Hofmann bromamide reaction 

14.2.6 Amphoteric nature of amide

14.2.7 Relative reactivity of acid derivatives

15. Nitro compounds (3 hr)

15.1 Nitroalkanes

15.1.1 Introduction, nomenclature and isomerism

15.1.2 Preparation from haloalkane and alkane

15.1.3 Physical properties

15.1.4 Chemical properties: Reduction 

15.2 Nitrobenzene

15.2.1 Preparation from benzene 

15.2.2 Physical properties

15.2.3 Chemical properties

15.2.4 Reduction in different media

15.2.5 Electrophilic substitution reactions (nitration, sulphonation & bromination)

15.2.6 Uses of nitro-compounds

16. Amines (7 hr)

16.1 Aliphatic amines

16.1.1 Introduction, nomenclature, classification and isomerism

16.1.2 Separation of primary, secondary and tertiary amines by Hoffmann's method

16.1.3 Preparation of primary amines from haloalkane, nitriles, nitroalkanes and amides

16.1.4 Physical properties

16.1.5 Chemical properties: basicity of amines, comparative study of basic nature of 10, 20 and 30 amines 16.1.6 Reaction of primary amines with chloroform, conc. HCl, R-X, RCOX and nitrous acid (NaNO2 / HCl)

16.1.7 Test of 10, 20 and 30 amines (nitrous acid test)

16.2 Aromatic amine (Aniline)

16.2.1 Preparation of aniline from nitrobenzene, phenol

16.2.2 Physical properties

16.2.3 Chemical properties: basicity of aniline, comparison of basic nature of aniline with aliphatic amines and ammonia, alkylation, acylation, diazotization, carbylamine and coupling reaction, electrophilic substitution: Nitration sulphonation and bromination

16.2.4 Uses of aniline

17. Organometallic compounds (2 hr)

17.1 Introduction, general formula and examples of organolithium, organocopper and organocadmium compounds

17.2 Nature of Metal-Carbon bond

17.3 Grignard reagent

17.3.1 Preparation (using haloalkane and haloarene)

17.3.2 Reaction of Grignard reagent with water, aldehydes and ketones ( preparation of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols), carbon dioxide, HCN, RCN, ester and acid chloride

Applied chemistry

18. Chemistry in the service of mankind (4 hr)

18.1 Polymers

18.1.1 Addition and condensation polymers

18.1.2 Elastomers and fibres

18.1.3 Natural and synthetic polymers

18.1.4 Some synthetic polymers (polythene, PVC, Teflon, polystyrene, nylon and bakelite

18.2 Dyes

18.2.1 Introduction

18.2.2 Types of dyes on the basis of structure and method of application

18.3 Drugs

18.3.1 Characteristics of drugs

18.3.2 Natural and synthetic drugs

18.3.3 Classification of some common drugs

18.3.4 Habit forming drugs and drug addiction

18.4 Pesticides

18.4.1 Introduction to insecticides, herbicides and fungicides

19. Cement (4 hr)

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Raw materials for cement production

19.3 Main steps in cement production (crushing and grinding, strong heating and final grinding)

19.4 Types of cement- OPC and PPC

19.5 Portland cement process with flow-sheet diagram

19.6 Cement Industry in Nepal

20. Paper and pulp (3 hr)

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Raw materials

20.3 Sources of raw materials

20.4 Stages in production of paper

20.5 Flow-sheet diagram for paper production

20.6 Quality of paper

21. Nuclear chemistry and application of radioactivity (2 hr)

21.1 Natural and artificial radioactivity

21.2 Units of radioactivity

21.3 Nuclear reactions

21.4 Nuclear fission and fusion reactions

21.5 Nuclear power and nuclear weapons

21.6 Industrial uses of radioactivity 

21.7 Medical uses of radioactivity 

21.8 Radiocarbon dating

21.9 Harmful effects of nuclear radiations